Development Of Urban Settlements Research Articles

Identification of sustainable urban settlement sites using interrelationship based multi-influencing factor technique and GIS

Evaluation of a site suitability for sustainable urban settlement growth is crucial. A system for evaluating an interaction between the factors must be established to assure that critical site selection interrelationships are not neglected. To solve this problem, the proposed methodology was evaluated to identify a suitable site for sustainable residential development in Nashik, India. The Geographic information system (GIS)-based multi-influence factor (MIF) approach is used in this study to find ideal locations for future urban settlement. The assessment was based on 11 factors including vegetation, elevation, land use, industry, drainage network, slope, water bodies, road, health services, railway station and population density. The sustainable site suitability was delineated by aggregating all considered factors and their associated MIF weights using the interrelationship between the factors. The results showed that 27.26% of research area was not ideal for settlement development, 16.82% was low suitable, 30.65% was moderately suitable, 16.48% was highly suitable and 8.77% was very highly suitable. Most of the suitable sites were located near the existing habitant area, and major roads. The suitability sites were validated using receiver-operating characteristic (ROC), and area under curve (AUC) value of 0.895 indicated that the model was effective. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the distance from road, drainage network, and health services are the dominant for selecting the optimal location of settlement development in research area. The findings of the delineated ideal areas for the intensive urban settlement development will be helpful to planners and policy makers for sustainable urban growth in the near future.

Framework for the application of ecosystem services based urban ecological carrying capacity assessment in the urban decision-making process

Urban Ecological Carrying Capacity (UECC) is widely studied as a comprehensive measure of urban ecology. Several tools, like an ecological footprint, comprehensive index system, system dynamic models, etc., are used to study UECC. In recent times, ecosystem services (ES) have been applied in analyzing carrying capacity to promote sustainable development. ES-based analysis helps study supply-demand mismatches, identify dependencies on natural systems, and understand trade-offs between strategic plans. The ES approach effectively scopes prioritized services, collects baseline data, makes choices between alternatives, and studies cumulative impacts. However, the lack of application-oriented frameworks hinders the mainstreaming of ES in urban planning. Therefore, the study proposes a framework for using ES-based UECC assessment in urban decision-making. It employs a two-stage methodology: first, a bibliometric analysis of UECC to identify knowledge gaps and trends, and second, the development of a framework for the application of ES based UECC in urban decision-making process based on the gaps identified from bibliometric analysis. The bibliometric results reveal that further research is needed to strengthen the link between ES and UECC. ES provides a comprehensive framework that includes cultural and social subsystems, enhancing the practicality and comprehensiveness of carrying capacity assessments. Based on the literature review Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is identified as the tool that facilitates the entry of ES in the urban decision-making process. The main aim of the framework is to combine the ES cascade model, SEA, and carrying capacity to establish a comprehensive and practical approach to decision-making that promotes sustainable urban development. The proposed framework considers various aspects, including its environment, societal requirements, and resource constraints. The ES-based UECC concept can be extended to define limits to urban growth for ensuring the sustainable development of urban settlements.

Legal status and economic state of the cities of Halicia within the Austrian empire (1772–1867)

The article analyzes the legal status and economic condition of the cities of Galicia as part of the Austrian Empire (1772–1867). It is noted that urban planning activity is traditionally determined by several factors that influence the form and nature of the development of urban settlements. First, it is a factor of natural conditions – the influence of climate, geographical and topographical position, geological conditions, relief. Secondly, it is an economic factor – conditions that contribute to the development of the economy and trade, including the availability of natural resources. Thirdly, it is a security (military) factor – the ability to protect life and property during potential wars (historically, this factor was often associated with favorable natural conditions – hills, swamps, river basins). Fourthly, it is a communication factor – connection with other cities, location on trade routes. Fifth, the factor of urban composition is the conscious creation of the form and structure of the city; activity of the urban planner. Sixth, the legal factor is a set of regulatory acts that regulate the organization of the city, development both from a spatial (location) and social point of view (this factor is at the center of our research). These factors are universal in nature and operate regardless of country or culture.It has been established that urban development activity was determined by the owners of the cities: some of the owners sought to demonstrate their wealth and success. The city, which functioned effectively, was distinguished by its appearance on the landscape. However, the functioning of cities did not go beyond the model of the functioning of feudalism in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In this regard, it is worth quoting the words of tycoon Jan Zamoyski: “Cities flourish in Western Europe, because the city-state has great rights there. But since this splendor comes at the expense of noble liberty, I prefer not to have it at such a price. People’s happiness is judged not by crafts, not by walls and large buildings, which we do not lack.” This quotation well characterizes the role of private cities in the urban network of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th and 17th centuries.Urbanization on the territory of Galicia as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth differed from that of Western Europe in that it was not a matter of the central government, but mainly of private initiative. Royal foundations were rare in Poland in the 17th and 18th centuries. As a result, the share of private cities in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth increased in the 17th–18th centuries. to about two-thirds. Private cities also existed in other European countries, such as in Germany, France and England, but nowhere were they as dominant as in Poland. This specific aspect of Polish urbanization played a major role in shaping the ethnic and religious structure of cities. Poles and Jews made up the majority of the inhabitants of cities and towns, while Ukrainians were mostly peasants and lived in villages and city suburbs.

Do We Need Public Green Spaces Accessibility Standards for the Sustainable Development of Urban Settlements? The Evidence from Wrocław, Poland.

Public green spaces (PGSs) have a positive impact on the health and wellbeing of urban residents. However, their accessibility can be limited due to high urbanisation pressures and inadequate or insufficient regulatory provisions. This problem has been recognised for Central European cities, of which Wrocław is an example, where the provision of PGS accessibility has not received major attention in recent decades, and the planning system has been in constant transformation since the transition from a centrally planned to a free-market economy. This study therefore aimed to examine the distribution and accessibility of PGSs in the expanding area of Wrocław today and upon implementation of the plans under the proposed standards. These analyses were performed using the QGIS application, network analysis, and the ISO-Area as polygon algorithm. The findings revealed a conspicuous lack of available PGSs, which includes areas above 2 ha, such as district and neighbourhood parks. New PGSs are now being planned, but even so, part of the residential areas will remain outside their catchment zone. The results obtained provide strong evidence that it is essential that standards should be a tool implemented in urban planning, and that the adopted procedure can be transferred to other cities.

Компьютерное проектирование и моделирование общественных мест городских территорий

The high pace of life characteristic of modern society, the rapid development of urban settlements require the formation and practical implementation of fast and accurate management and design solutions for the adaptation of environmental components to human life in appropriate conditions. Modern cities are increasing geographically, occupying ever larger spaces; their social, industrial transport infrastructure is becoming more complex, the economic component is developing, the population of large urban settlements is growing, and a complex structure of the system of public places is being formed. All this leads to changes in the nature of settlement of the population, the way and peculiarities of people’s lives, their psychology and behavior in urban space. Modern problems of cities and their populations cannot be fully inventoried, analyzed, understood, evaluated, and finally solved within the “narrow framework” of scientific knowledge. Comprehensive study and design of urban areas require intensive implementation and active use of integration approaches. In this regard, the modern sphere of design is already unthinkable without the use of the latest computer information and geoinformation technologies. The solution of design tasks only in the format of real drawings, without the widespread use of virtual ones, is currently no longer possible. The anthropocultural paradigm of urbanization development has made it possible to introduce, significantly expand and strengthen the spheres of contacts of geographers, cartographers and urban planners. Nevertheless, in the methodological arsenal of modern urban planning, theories, concepts and ideas developed in humanitarian geography should be used even more widely. In modern urban planning design, the latest computer equipment, software and information technologies are widely used, but geographers are rarely involved in the author’s teams. In the field of modern urban planning, including the design of public places in urban areas, there is a wide range of problems faced by specialists in regional design organizations, and which require their solutions based on the extensive involvement of the latest software with maximum use of all its capabilities.

Mobility patterns consideration of educational facilities distribution model formulation in Southeast Malang Regional development plan

Regional disparities, and urban sprawl, will cause inequality in mobility between regions—one of the causes of the uneven distribution of educational facilities. The study of mobility patterns provides an overview of student movement patterns from and to school. The analysis is needed to determine the potential problems due to spatial disparities in the settlement Development Area. The research purpose; is (1) to obtain a model for determining the location and distribution of public schools based on mobility patterns in urban settlement development areas and (2) to obtain the model formulation for spatial planning distribution of educational facilities. This research uses a descriptive exploratory method with Space Syntax analysis. The research location was selected using the Classified Purposive Sampling method with an observation scale in the Development Area. The school zoning system has implications for equal distribution of education, reducing the mobility gap between regions, reducing congestion, air pollution, and dependence on motorized transportation. The study results of patterns of connectivity, accessibility, and mobility become a consideration for the placement of educational facilities in the Development Area. This study will improve the arrangement of spatial patterns and distribution of educational facilities based on studies of connectivity, regional accessibility, and student mobility.

Agriculture in the Karakum: An archaeobotanical analysis from Togolok 1, southern Turkmenistan (ca. 2300–1700 B.C.)

Southern Central Asia witnessed widespread expansion in urbanism and exchange, between roughly 2200 and 1500 B.C., fostering a new cultural florescence, sometimes referred to as the Greater Khorasan Civilization. Decades of detailed archeological investigation have focused on the development of urban settlements, political systems, and inter-regional exchange within and across the broader region, but little is known about the agricultural systems that supported these cultural changes. In this paper, we present the archaeobotanical results of material recovered from Togolok 1, a proto-urban settlement along the Murghab River alluvial fan located in southeastern Turkmenistan. This macrobotanical assemblage dates to the late 3rd - early 2nd millennia B.C., a time associated with important cultural transformations in southern Central Asia. We demonstrate that people at the site were cultivating and consuming a diverse range of crops including, barley, wheat, legumes, grapes, and possibly plums and apples or pears. This, together with the associated material culture and zooarchaeological evidence, suggest a regionally adapted mixed agropastoral economy. The findings at Togolok 1 contribute to the ongoing discussion of dietary choices, human/landscape interactions, and the adaptation of crops to diverse ecosystems in prehistoric Central Asia.

Planning Criteria and Models for the Development of Urban Structures of Coastal Settlements of Boka Kotorska

This study examines planning criteria and models for the development of urban settlements situated along the coastline of Boka Kotorska. In the period between 1940 and 2006, coastal settlements underwent great transformations that changed their historical image and the image of the immediate landscape significantly. The transformations resulted from political, economic and sociological changes occurring within the observed period. Consequently, huge transformations of the urban structure and the appearance of certain settlements are noticeable. Based on the available archival material (topographic maps, plans and drafts of the settlement or its parts in different scales), statistical data and the analysis of completed scientific research in this area, the analysis and comparison of the expansion of Boka Kotorska settlements as well as analysis of their urban transformation was conducted. Defining and using criteria based on recognizing the features of the subject area is a prerequisite for the planned development of Montenegrin coastal settlements, both regarding built and nonbuilt or ruined structures of the subject area. By identifying planning criteria and models, and upon conducting the systematic examination and valuation of physical planning documentation, new planning criteria and models for the improvement of Boka Kotorska coastal settlements have been proposed—ones that can be used in practice, i.e., for the development of physical planning documentation, studies and expertise.

Spatial Analysis of Urban Settlement Development in Kudus District with Cellular automata marcov Model (Case Study: Kota District, Bae District, Jati District and Kaliwungu District)

The increase in the need for residential land will encourage changes in land use functions. Monitoring the development of urban settlements in Kudus Regency, specifically in the Districts of Bae, Jati, Kaliwungu and Kota needs to be carried out so as not to cause a transfer of land use functions that deviate from the applicable RTRW. Monitoring can be done by modeling. The modeling of urban settlement development is then combined with GIS to support the spatial analysis. This study aims to determine the changes in land use function for urban settlements in 2010-2020 with the overlay identity method, apply the CA-Marcov method in predicting land use for urban settlements in 2030 and find the value of modeling conformity with the RTRW map and its development pattern using the average nearest neighbor. The data used are WordView images in 2010 and 2015, SPOT-7 images in 2020 and the RTRW Map of Kab. Holy year 2012-2032. The results showed that the development of urban settlements in 2010-2015 was 162,375 Ha, while in 2015-2020 it was 55,978 Ha. During 2010 to 2020, the food crop agricultural area changed its function into urban settlements amounting to 126,927 Ha. The area of land for urban settlements as a result of the prediction of land use in 2030 is 3323,285 Ha, where the agricultural area for food crops is the largest land converted into urban settlements of 321,803 Ha. The value of the suitability of the predicted use of 2030 with the RTRW map is 71.42%. The pattern of urban settlement development in 2030 is random.

Features of the contemporary settlement system on the Crimean Peninsula

In the 20th century, humanity finally chose the urban path of development as a priority. In the 21st century, the state strategic plans focus on large cities and urban agglomerations under the continuing urbanization. Rural territories are increasingly perceived by the authorities and urbanists as some dying forms, sacrificed for the development of cities. In the Russian Federation, this is especially true for a number of regions (Moscow Region, Sverdlovsk Region, Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District, etc.), in which municipalities are turned into urban districts, and all administrative functions are transferred to the cities. The countryside is still rural, but its population is practically removed from decision-making. At the same time, there are reverse migrations - of urban dwellers to the countryside, which leads to further expansion of cities. The term settlement system means a set of settlements located in a certain territory and connected by a common organization of management, services and labor market. Therefore, the Crimean region has both - overpopulated rural areas and developing cities. The article considers the settlement system of the Crimean Peninsula, in particular its urban part, as a basis of its demographic development. Based on statistical, cartographic, regional and historical approaches, the author considers the dynamics of urban settlement and such a phenomenon as urban agglomerations; identifies the main factors in the development of urban settlements, the subsystems of the urban settlement system and its central places. The article also describes the Simferopol-Sevastopol dual-core agglomeration which seems to break up into two autonomous agglomerations due to a range of factors.

Balkan city in the Ottoman period (15th–16th century)

Arrival of the Ottomans to the Balkans has witnessed major changes in the development of cities in the area. They have played particularly important role in the construction of new as well as in the changes of existing late antique and medieval towns and their adaptation to Islamic civilization which they brought. The uniqueness of these cities is that they were denselypopulated with predominantly Muslim population; they had monumental Islamic buildings and a large bazaar where a variety of crafts were developed. Ottoman cadastral records (defteri) show that over 200 cities were in the Balkans in the second halfof the fifteenth and sixteenth century. Example of Sarajevo reveals a concept planned established city – residence, which Gazi Isa Bey started to build on the shores of Miljacka by his endowments and numerous other officials, wealthy merchants, artisans and other citizens of Sarajevo continued, including the particularly important role of Gazi Husrev Bey. His complexof buildings still witnesses the planned construction, which was aimed to transform this city not only to administrative but also economic, educational and cultural centre of Bosnia.  When we talk about cities in the Balkans in the Ottoman period, it is necessary to speak about the role of waqfin the creation and development of urban settlements. Raising the waqf facilities for various purposes, began with the urban formation of the citysettlements, and further development of waqf buildingsserved as the basis of that development. Waqf were established by province governors, military commanders and other officials of the Ottoman Empire, as well as wealthy merchants and artisans. Balkan cities population was in the rise in the fifteenthcentury, and during the sixteenth century it was doubled. Most of the city’s population were Muslims. They were not, as is often thought, mostly officers and soldiers of the Ottoman Empire or foreigners, but the majority of the urban population were localpeople, artisans and merchants, and various officers. Sarajevo has been developed within one civilization, along with other cities in the Balkans. The most intensive development of Sarajevo during the Ottoman period was in the sixteenth century, so it became the largest and most important city in Bosnia and one of the major cities in the Balkans. All characteristicsof an Islamic Ottoman town, both in urban development, division into two zones of housing and economic (mahala – bazaar), as well as the development of trade and their guilds and development of trade, were expressed. It was the administrative, economic, cultural and educational center of the Bosnian Sanjak, later eyalet.  

Integrating ecology and zero runoff in a vertical village residential design in West Jakarta

Diminishing availability of urban land in metropolitan cities such as Jakarta resulting in high-density settlements, which impacted the quality of life of the urban village communities. One of the government’s efforts to solve this problem is by building subsidized apartments. However, this effort mainly focused on the land scarcity and the required housing aspects, while ecological and environmental roles toward the life quality of the dwellers are often set aside though very influential. On the other hand, Jakarta is very vulnerable to natural disasters related to water, such as flooding caused by stormwater runoff which cannot be accommodated by the insufficient capacity of the surrounding environment. Therefore, the development of urban settlements in Jakarta has to pay more attention to integrate ecology and zero runoff management from the design conception phase. A vertical village residential design in West Jakarta that integrates these two aspects through ecological architecture elements (nature, water, human and environment) was proposed as a role model design for vertical village housing. Various water design features have been creatively designed and integrated into the landscape and building elements resulting in zero runoff and an ecologically significant built environment.

Population of Urban Settlements: Comparative Analysis of The Russian North and The Republic of Belarus

The article examines the urban population of the Russian North and the Republic of Belarus after 1989. Thepurpose of the article is to comparatively analyze the demographic dynamics of urban settlements, considering the differences between the two countries. The text provides an analysis at three levels: state, regional and at the level of urban settlements. The article presents the general dynamics of the population of Russia, its northern territories and the Republic of Belarus; shows the role of demographic components in population dynamics and their transformation at the end of the twentieth century – the beginning of the XXI century. The authors considered the effectiveness of the migration exchange of the northern territoriesof Russia and the Republic of Belarus, showing the scale of migration losses. The article analyzes the dynamics of the number and population density of urban settlements by type in 1989–2020. In terms of the number of urban settlements, small and mediumsized cities are leading, at the same time, by place of residence, most of the population lives in cities over 100 thousand people. The authors note that the Russian North is highly urbanized, surpassing both Russia and Belarus in this indicator. Particular attention is paid to the spatial analysis of the dynamics of the population of urban settlements. The study revealed patterns in thedependence of the demographic development of urban settlements on the spatial distribution. The results allow us to assess the prospects for the further development of urban settlement systems in the Russian North and in the Republic of Belarus, which will find application in strategies and measures for the spatial development of territories. Further research should be aimed at identifying differences in the demographic behavior of residents of settlements with different economic specialization.

Unplanned Settlement Enclave Amidst Private City Developments

The purpose of this research is to discover the factors which create the bonding social capital strengthening the relationship amongst Lengkong Kyai residents, Tangerang Regency, Banten, Indonesia. This research employs the qualitative method by triangulating primary data collected from in-depth interviews with local community leaders and public figures, field observation, and secondary data in the form of video recording, journalistic publications, and scientific journals from previous researches. The result shows that historical legacy, maintenance strategy, implantation of cultural, religious, and spiritual beliefs values, shared identity, as well as a relationship based on mutual trust are the factors contributing to the bonding social capital amongst Lengkong Kyai Residents. The novelty of this research is pointing out that policymakers, developers, even capitalist-oriented academicians often neglect the existence of bonding social capital in the development of urban settlements. This neglect often creates tension between kampong enclave’s residents and housing developers. Coexisting and mutual respect becomes important in building bridging and linking social capital between kampong residents, housing developers, local government, and private city dwellers.

Development features of urban residence in the aran economic and geographical region of Azerbaijan

Urban development, urban population and the level of urbanization are one of the main indicators of the country's development. The growth of the city's population is influenced by its economic and socio-cultural base, opportunities for job creation, economic structure and the role of labor-intensive industries. In the Aran economic region, as elsewhere in the country, the decline in the activities of urban facilities in the first years of independence, the reduction of jobs, declining living standards and migration flows have had a negative impact on this process. Therefore, the level of urbanization in the country has remained unchanged for several decades. Implemented reforms still have a weak impact on this process. The article examines the problems in this area and develops proposals to address them. The article analyzes the dynamics of the level of urbanization in the Aran economic-geographical region, the formation and development of urban settlement in the administrative regions. The study of demographic processes in urban areas of the region shows that in recent years there has been a natural increase in the population, a decrease in the dynamics of births and marriages, an increase in mortality, infant mortality and divorce. The population potential and the current state of industrial production in the territory of the Aran economic-geographical region of Azerbaijan, both in the cities of the republican subordination and the central type of the administrative region, have been studied. The prospects of future development of the cities were commented by studying the issues of employment and use of labor resources in the Aran economic-geographical region. Establishment of joint (by attracting foreign investors) industrial enterprises in the Aran economic-geographical region, which can produce modern, competitive products based on full, complex processing of abundant agricultural raw materials, will improve the economic base and social infrastructure of the cities of the economic region. Development of agriculture and related processing industries, trade, services and other areas based on the economic potential of the Aran economic-geographical region will increase the level of employment and stimulate the population to remain in the field by providing jobs with increasing demographic potential. The article provides information on the socio-economic situation in the Aran economic-geographical region, is important for assessing the level of use of existing potential, attracting foreign and local investors to various sectors of the region's economy. Azerbaijan, including the Aran economic and geographical region, has great potential for the non-oil sector of the economy. Cotton, grapes, grain, fruits and vegetables, potatoes, various cereals, etc. are grown in the fertile lands of the Aran zone of the republic. It is possible to significantly increase the volume and value of output as a result of the creation of Agrarian-Industrial Complexes by attracting investments in this area as well.

Урбанизация российского Дальнего Востока: Амурская область в 1989–2019 гг.

Introduction. Accelerated development of the Far East has been — and still is — one of the main priorities of Russia’s regional policy in the 2010s. The cities and urban agglomerations of the region are proclaimed by the Russian government as key basic points of further economic growth in this part of the country. At the same time, despite the efforts of the federal and regional authorities, the processes of urbanization in most regions of the Far East are still in crisis. Goals. The study aims to analyze the results of the Soviet urbanization in Amur Oblast and the dynamics of urbanization processes in the region over the past three decades. Materials and Methods. Analyzing official statistical data, as well as statutory instruments at the national, regional and local levels, the paper uses a set of general scientific methods, the statistical method, and special methods of historical research, in particular, the problem-chronological one. Results. The entire system of urban settlements in Amur Oblast experienced a dramatic socioeconomic, infrastructural and demographic crisis in the 1990-2010s. Even the first half of the 1990s witnessed a weakening of urbanization processes and an outflow of population from the region caused by the restructuring and crisis of production, the weakening of state social policy, a decrease in investments in the engineering and household development of territories, and insufficient solution of housing problems. In the structure of urban settlements, the greatest changes have affected workmen’s settlements most of which have lost the prospects for industrial development. In the early 2010s, the development of urban settlements in the region was still constrained by a number of economic factors (the regional budget deficit and its dependence on federal subsidies, the ongoing production crisis of most of the city-forming enterprises, etc.). Large infrastructure projects in the region (construction of the Vostochny Cosmodrome, Power of Siberia gas pipeline, Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean oil pipeline, creation of advanced development areas) have supported urban settlements of the region’s industrial center in the 2010s. However, cities and towns in the north of the region have not received tangible sources of growth as a result of the Baikal–Amur Mainline project crisis. Conclusions. By the end of the 2010s, the general crisis of urbanization processes in the region resulted in that the network of urban settlements acquired more linear features — along the Trans-Siberian railway line — that be accompanied by concentrate resettlement towards Blagoveshchensk.

IDENTIFIKASI KARAKTERISTIK PERMUKIMAN KUMUH DI SEKITAR TAMAN MACCINI SOMBALA KOTA MAKASSAR

Slum area is an area with a high population density in a city that is generally inhabited by poor people. Slums can be found in various major cities in the world. Slums are generally associated with high levels of poverty and unemployment. The rapid development of urban settlements is caused by population growth and urbanization which has resulted in slums. One of the slums in Makassar is located on Jl. Maccini Kelurahan Maccini Sombala, Makassar City. Residents who live in groups and build houses without thinking about space for housing support facilities. The houses in this settlement are semi-permanent and not permanent. Most are in the form of houses on stilts with very limited infrastructure, such as lack of road facilities, environmental drainage, clean water, waste water, and solid waste. The level of income of the population is very low where most residents work as fishermen, small traders, and artisans. The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of slums in Maccini Sombala Village. The benefits of this research are input for the Regional Government and the local community to formulate slum reduction policies, develop slum settlement structuring strategies by reviewing current conditions and alternative structuring in the future. From the results of primary and secondary data acquisition, the author uses a qualitative analysis method that is describing the data which is then followed by interpretation and conclusions. Presentation of data descriptively is by explaining, describing, and solving problems that are closely related to this research. The results of identification of residential buildings, the technical requirements of the building is known that 81% of buildings are not in accordance with the requirements in terms of safety, comfort, and health and 19% of livable buildings (according to building standards).

Historical Development of Settlements near Fallujah in the Light of Archaeological Evidence and Cuneiform Writing Sources

This study focuses on the historical development of urban settlements in the third millennium BCE, using archaeological evidence and sources of the Cuneiform Torah, and considers the importance of these centers to modern-day Fallujah. The history of Fallujah cannot be separated from the history of Mesopotamia. The area in which Fallujah is situated has seen a number of important settlements at different points in history, since man first came to the region, owing to its prime position at the juncture of internal and external transport routes in Mesopotamia and its involvement in the distribution of water through irrigation channels. The role of these early settlements was been inherited by later cities, many of which have had a substantial political and economic impact on the history of Mesopotamia. This study was based on two hypotheses. The first concerns the emergence of the location of the settlements along transport routes, and these conditions concerns their establishment on the basis of irrigation canals and irrigation technology.
 Keywords: Archaeological, Fallujah, Joha, Cuneiform, Settlements

Dynamika i skutki suburbanizacji Bydgoszczy na przykładzie gminy Nowa Wieś Wielka

W pracy przedstawiono dynamikę i skutki przeobrażenia struktury funkcjonalno-przestrzennej strefy podmiejskiej na przykładzie podbydgoskiej gminy Nowa Wieś Wielka, w której zachodzą zjawiska charakterystyczne dla niekontrolowanej suburbanizacji typu urban sprawl. Analizie zostały poddane intensywność oraz kierunki rozwoju osadnictwa o charakterze miejskim i sieci infrastruktury technicznej na tle zachodzących zmian ludnościowych. Ponadto ukazano politykę władz gminy wobec presji urbanizacyjnej oraz próby radzenia sobie z jej negatywnymi skutkami, w tym rodzącymi się konfliktami społeczno-przestrzennymi.

NATURAL CONDITIONS AS A FACTOR OF URBANIZATION OF THE LOWER POSAVINA IN THE MIDDLE AGES

The paper analyzes the influence of the natural environment on the emergence and development of urban settlements located on the lower reaches of the Sava River in the Middle Ages. Medieval people were much more dependent on natural conditions than they are today and, therefore, relief, climate, hydrography, fertility of land and natural resources were of great importance for the formation and development of towns. These factors were extremely important both for their strategic location and for supplying the towns with basic things, either through direct production or trade. That is why it is important to learn about and explain these factors, which comprise the basic preconditions for the locations of settlements and to analyze the opportunities and aggravating circumstances that the lower course of the Sava River provided for the life of the town.